A Christian Examination Of The LGBTQ Flag

          Most people are familiar with God's covenantal promise to never again send forth waters from the heavens to cover the land, which was made to Noah afterward. It was used as a means of executing judgment on mankind for continually godless behavior. God used a rainbow as a covenant symbol to convey the promise of never again casting judgment on the human race in the same way (Genesis 6:5-8; 8:20-22; 9:11, 12:9-17). Tragically, however, the LGBTQ community has developed a new method for mocking God's wonderful promise to us through the innovation of a flag that displays only six of the seven colors of the rainbow.

          Having its origin in California by Artist Gilbert Baker, this flag was designed by lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transsexuals to represent their own diverse values through the gay pride movement, which has now been popularized throughout the Western world. What is striking about this flag is that its colors mock that of God's covenantal promise, the rainbow, to man to never again judge man by means of a flood. While the rainbow has seven different colors, the LGBTQ flag only has six colors of the rainbow. It is missing the color indigo. The number six is the spiritual number for fallen man. Seven is God's number, meaning completeness or perfection. It takes little effort to interpret this flag as mockery of our divine creator.

          The foundation of the gay pride movement is self-exaltation. This has manifested itself through wild parades, festivals, clownish apparel, and rainbow imagery on public business signs or logos. Furthermore, the most radical members of the LGBTQ community have literally fought to silence all forms of disagreement, even if objections are established on scientific or philosophical grounds. Dissenters are called haters, bigots, and even accused of having phobias. This, ironically, puts on display the name-caller's own hatred and phobia of traditional morality.

          Gay pride is contrary to everything that the Bible states regarding humility and sexuality. God opposes the proud and gives grace to the humble (Psalm 138:6; Proverbs 3:34; James 4:5-8). People who exalt themselves will be humbled (Matthew 23:12). He absolutely detests pride (Proverbs 8:13). Scripture emphatically condemns homosexuality (Leviticus 18:22; 1 Corinthians 6:9-10). God's rainbow was meant to serve as a symbol of remembrance, not as a means of pride. He will not tolerate the celebration of sin. Thus, all faithful Christians have been called to speak out against the LGBTQ flag.

A Christian Response To Transgenderism

          In today's society, much debate and perplexity has emerged over some of the most basic aspects of life. Unfortunately, some people have found themselves unable to answer questions about themselves that are foundational in nature, such as their gender identity. While the Book of Genesis presents us with the age-old framework of there being only the two genders of male and female, liberal educators, psychiatrists, and politicians believe that it is wrong for parents to be labeling their children as being boys or girls at birth. It has been suggested that things are not as they appear to our eyes, which defies basic logic. Thus, these people maintain that our children should be able to choose their own personal gender identities, even receiving surgery on their genitalia that corresponds with such. 

          Gender is a biological reality determined by our DNA. The same elementary scientific principle regarding the determination of gender is equally applicable to our skin and hair color. Furthermore, we know that only two different gender possibilities exist because only two different pairs of genitalia exist. There are only XX (female) and XY (male) genes. If transgenderism is to be accepted as normal and valid, then why not also choose to identify as two or three different persons at once? Can a human being cease to be human? Can we identify as an age other than our date of birth? Can we claim that our weight and height do not actually correspond to what is found on a scale or stadiometer? The only thing that medical procedures can do is change the outer appearance of people.

          Any notion of common sense can exist only in an environment in which there is a common morality accepted. Ever since the existence of objective moral truths has been denied, Western culture has degenerated exponentially. Although any amount of conditioning through physical, psychological, or sexual abuse may cause a person to experience confusion regarding his gender, such struggles can be overcome through sufficient encouragement, discipline, and psychological training. We can assume, imagine, or have a desire to be different from what we are, but having such wishes does nothing to change our internal genetic makeup. Our beliefs do not determine reality. This, an affirmation of transgenderism is an assault on the nature of truth itself.

          In 2016, the Obama Administration ordered public school systems to allow members of the opposite sexes to share restrooms, locker rooms, and showers. Since then, other public places such as grocery stores, parks, and universities have adopted the idea of using "transgender" bathrooms. Can anybody not see the inherent moral flaws of this ideology? First of all, any pervert can claim to be any random gender. Secondly, our right to privacy has been violated. Thirdly, the innocence of our children is at an elevated risk of being corrupted. They have no understanding of the real world. And fourthly, it is evil to brainwash people into believing that they can choose to be a different gender only to be enslaved to a lifetime exposure of carcinogenic, toxic hormones. It is wrong to mutilate healthy functioning parts of the body.

          God created man in His image and likeness (Genesis 1:26-27). He also called creation "good" upon completing it (Genesis 1:31), and our natural bodily design is an integral part of that. The creation narrative affirms that God made male and female. The dichotomy between man and woman is a foundational and unchangeable reality. If that proposition is rejected, then any notion of the fixed categories making up reality becomes illusory. After all, things are not as our senses tell us. Identity is fluid and has no set meaning. Romans 1:22 says, "Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools."

Islam: A Comparative And Critical Survey

Introduction:

The Islamic religion emerged in the seventh century, founded by an Arabian merchant named Muhammad. He claimed that the angel Gabriel visited him repeatedly, delivering divine revelations from God. These messages were documented in the Quran, the sacred Islamic text regarded by Muslims as the word of Allah—the Arabic term for God. Muhammad's efforts to propagate his new ideological system often involved fervent advocacy, conflict, and conquest, leaving a profound impact on the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.

The Quran draws on a variety of sources, including elements of Judeo-Christian traditions, particularly the Old Testament. It references figures such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses, portraying them as prophets of Allah. Many stories and themes found in the Quran parallel biblical narratives, although often with significant reinterpretations. This fusion of Abrahamic traditions reflects the cultural and religious milieu of the Arabian Peninsula during Muhammad's time, where Jewish and Christian communities were influential.

Contrasting the Christian and Muslim Worldviews:

Although Christianity and Islam are both monotheistic faiths, they differ profoundly in their doctrines and interpretations of God. Christianity embraces the biblical concept of the Trinity, teaching that one God exists in three distinct Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19–20; John 10:30; Ephesians 4:4–6). Islam, on the other hand, rejects this notion outright. Notably, the Quran inaccurately portrays the Christian Trinity as God the Father, Mary, and Jesus Christ, reflecting a fundamental misunderstanding of Christian theology.

Christianity asserts that Jesus Christ is God incarnate—co-eternal with the Father, the Son of God, and the risen Savior who was crucified and resurrected (John 3:16; 1 Peter 2:24; John 2:19–20; 20:26–28; 1 Corinthians 15:1–8). Islam, however, denies these core beliefs, portraying Jesus as a revered prophet, subordinate to Muhammad. These stark theological differences highlight the incompatibility of Christianity and Islam in their conceptions of God.

Furthermore, Christianity holds that the Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Trinity, who glorifies and testifies to Jesus Christ (John 14:26). In contrast, Islam identifies the Holy Spirit as the angel Gabriel and refers to Muhammad as the “helper.” Nevertheless, both religions find rare common ground in their affirmation of the virgin birth of Jesus.

When addressing salvation, the divergence becomes even more pronounced. Islam emphasizes good works, prescribing the fulfillment of the Five Pillars of Islam: 1) profession of faith, 2) daily prayers, 3) almsgiving, 4) fasting during Ramadan, and 5) pilgrimage to Mecca. In contrast, Christianity emphasizes salvation by grace alone through faith alone, recognizing humanity's sinful nature and spiritual helplessness (John 3:16; Ephesians 2:8–9; Romans 3:23; 5:12). This distinction often leaves Muslims uncertain of their salvation, while Christianity provides assurance of eternal life through faith.

The divergent conceptions of paradise offer another striking contrast. For Christians, the kingdom of God represents eternal unity with the Creator, marked by spiritual fulfillment and divine communion. Islamic teachings, however, depict paradise as a realm of material rewards, including sensual pleasures and the promise of seventy virgins. This reflects a fundamentally different view of the afterlife.

Countering the Islamic Claim That the Christian Bible Is Corrupted:

Muslims frequently argue that the Christian Bible has been lost or altered. Yet, the Quran itself affirms the divine inspiration of the Torah (Sura 2:87), the Psalms (Sura 4:163), and the Gospel (Sura 3:3–4; 5:46). Moreover, it declares that Allah’s words cannot be altered (Sura 6:34; 6:115; 10:64).

If the Quran acknowledges the Bible as divinely inspired and unchangeable, the claim that the Bible is corrupted presents a significant contradiction. Interestingly, the Quran does not explicitly state that the Bible has been falsified. This creates a theological inconsistency, as reconciling two conflicting divine revelations poses a logical dilemma for Muslims.

For those alleging biblical corruption, pivotal questions remain unanswered: Who corrupted it? When and where did this occur? Simply dismissing the Bible as altered because it conflicts with the Quran lacks intellectual rigor and coherence.

Inconsistencies in Muslim Logic:

Surah 29:46 instructs Muslims to affirm, "We believe in what has been sent down to us and what has been sent down to you. Our God and your God is one, and we are all Muslims to Him." However, many Muslims contradict this directive by rejecting the Bible as corrupted and denouncing the Christian God. This inconsistency raises a crucial question: If the Quran commands respect for earlier revelations, why do so many Muslims dismiss the Christian Bible?

Can God Contradict Himself?

        If God is capable of contradicting Himself, then it follows that He is imperfect. He would be liable to error. He would not be much different than man himself. If God is not infinitely superior to creation in every way, then why should the pagans abandon their polytheistic worldviews and submit to Him? If God is capable of contradicting Himself, then the Judeo-Christian tradition has been built on a shaky philosophical foundation.

        First of all, it is vital to recognize that Scripture teaches God is immutable (Malachi 3:6; Hebrews 13:8). His character, will, and promises are unable to be changed. God can act only in a manner that is consistent with His own nature. For example, Scripture tells us that God is unable to lie (Numbers 23:19). Therefore, God is unable to contradict Himself. Does this fact mean that God is somehow not omnipotent and omniscient? Of course not.

        The fact that God cannot contradict Himself is not proof of limitation, but rather, expresses a degree of perfection. This degree of perfection is beyond the human perception of perfection. His qualities far exceed perfection, as He is beyond the scope of all. God has no limitations or boundaries. The human mind cannot fully grasp the character of God because it is finite.

        We are unable to comprehend the fullness of His being and glory. God is perfect. He is the ultimate source of truth and goodness. His ways are righteous. Logical propositions that seem problematic to us are not so in the mind of God. Things that seem incomprehensible to the human mind are not that way to God. He can do anything that accords with His nature.

The Historical Development Of Papal Authority

• Introduction:

          -Primitive Christian churches were governed by pluralities of bishops, not by an individual head, as is the case in the modern Roman Catholic hierarchy. Moreover, the New Testament uses the terms "elder" and "bishop" interchangeably. The New American Bible Revised Edition has this excerpt on Titus 1:5-9 in regard to the meaning of such terms: "This instruction on the selection and appointment of presbyters, substantially identical with that in 1 Tm 3:1–7 on a bishop, was aimed at strengthening the authority of Titus by apostolic mandate; cf. Ti 2:15. In Ti 1:5, 7 and Acts 20:17, 28, the terms episkopos and presbyteros (“bishop” and “presbyter”) refer to the same persons." The papal office as such was not established by Jesus Christ in the first century. 

• Early Extra-Biblical Writings Spoke Of Pluralities Of Elders In Churches, Not Them Being Led By A Single Man Over The Rest: 

          -“And so, elect for yourselves bishops and deacons who are worthy of the Lord, gentle men who are not fond of money, who are true and approved.” (Didache 15.1)

          -“And so, elect for yourselves bishops and deacons who are worthy of the Lord, gentle men who are not fond of money, who are true and approved.” (1 Clement 42:4)

• The Benefits Of A Church Having Pluralities Of Elders:

          -The plurality of elders and the autonomy of each assembly was cemented doctrine before the end of the apostolic age. The weakness of the flesh always pursues efficiency, organization, and control in any group. God's plan for the government of the local assembly is nothing short of divine brilliance. It diffuses ambition, curtails pride, and distributes authority among the saints, with elders leading (never ruling) by example only.

• Surveying The Development Of The Episcopacy In The Second Century:

          -In A.D. 150, a significant distinction emerged between the roles of elder and bishop within the early Christian communities. This was the period when individual congregations began to be governed by singular bishops, diverging from the previous collegial leadership model. Bishops started to exercise authority over other church leaders, akin to a senior pastor among elders. This shift marked the beginning of a hierarchical structure within the church, where one bishop held preeminent authority.

          -This organizational change was gradual and varied across different regions. The writings of Ignatius of Antioch provide crucial evidence of this development, particularly in Asia Minor. Ignatius' epistles emphasize the importance of a singular bishop’s authority within the local congregation, urging unity and obedience to the bishop as a representative of God. He believed that a centralized episcopal authority would help maintain doctrinal purity and ecclesiastical order amidst the growing Christian communities.

          -"Caird notes that in the latter half of the first century three events occurred that altered the character of the church: (1) the final break between Christianity and Judaism, (2) the beginning of persecution by Rome, and (3) the death of many who had been principal leaders in the early church. The death of the apostles, the crumbling of the old covenant, outbreaks of persecution, and the prevalence of heresy and false prophecy led to the rise of the monarchical bishop. Caird suggests that the vigor with which Ignatius states his case for the bishop’s role implies that this new development had been “vigorously opposed” by many in the churches. In any case, the rise of the monarchical bishop is best understood as the expedient by which the early church asserted its right to condemn divergent views in the absence of the apostles. Cf. Caird, The Apostolic Age, 141–55 (esp. pp. 141, 151-52)." (Understanding the Church, by Joseph M. Vogl and John H. Fish III, p. 21)

• Surveying The Development Of The Episcopacy In The Fourth Century:

          -Archbishops, who presided over a group of churches along with their respective assemblies of worship, emerged from the most prominent cities of their era. These influential figures were initially recognized for their leadership and administrative skills within their local regions. Over time, as the Christian church expanded and its hierarchical structure evolved, these archbishops began to oversee larger ecclesiastical territories known as dioceses.

          -The rise of these high-ranking bishops was closely tied to the status of the cities they served. Prominent urban centers such as Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and later Constantinople, played pivotal roles in the early Christian world. The archbishops of these key cities were not only spiritual leaders but also wielded significant political and social influence. Their prominence led them to be acknowledged as patriarchs, a title denoting their preeminent authority and seniority within the church hierarchy.

          -Patriarchs were entrusted with the oversight of vast ecclesiastical provinces, often encompassing multiple regions and cultures. They played a crucial role in shaping doctrinal orthodoxy, addressing heresies, and maintaining the unity of the church. Councils and synods, where patriarchs convened to deliberate on theological and administrative matters, became central to the governance of the church.

          -This excerpt from Canon Six of the Council Of Nicaea shows that the Roman bishop had jurisdiction only over Rome at this point in time: "The Bishop of Alexandria shall have jurisdiction over Egypt, Libya, and Pentapolis. As also the Roman bishop over those subject to Rome. So, too, the Bishop of Antioch and the rest over those who are under them." (cited by Philip Schaff)

• Surveying The Development Of The Episcopacy In The Mid Fifth To Late Sixth Centuries:

          -We see the five patriarchs, which were Jerusalem (officially recognized as such in the fifth century), Antioch (officially recognized as such in the first century), Rome (officially recognized as such in the first century), Constantinople (officially recognized as such in the fourth century), and Alexandria (officially recognized as such in the first century). Each patriarch governed itself. Though Rome and Constantinople were perceived as having equal authority, the Church of Rome was viewed in highest regard. Constantinople was the leading patriarch of the East. But neither of the two competing patriarchs at the time possessed universal authority over the rest of Christendom.

• Surveying The Development Of The Episcopacy In The Late Sixth Into The Early Seventh Centuries:

          -There was a final struggle between Rome and Constantinople for the title of universal bishop. The two most powerful patriarchs fought for jurisdiction over the entire Christian church. Although Constantinople was first to appoint its head as being the universal bishop of Christianity, the Roman bishop Gregory condemned the usage of that title as being characteristic of an anti-Christ. He declared that no man, not even himself, was worthy of possessing such an title! In the end, the Church of Rome prevailed in this battle for supreme authority. Gregory's successor Boniface III reserved it for himself. Thus, we see the historic origin of the papal office in its current organizational structure.

Sin And Temptation

        Our consciences have been designed by God to sense the dangers of presently existing temptations. They are unavoidable in this life. He has inscribed His moral precepts into our hearts (Romans 2:14-15). God has programmed our minds to recognize the difference between good and evil. Thus, our conscience is the underlying reason we instinctively feel as if temptation, by definition, is wrong. That assumes one's conscience has not been desensitized by evil. 

         Everybody experiences temptations to different degrees. Moreover, it is important for us to recognize the differences between sin and temptation. For instance, forgiveness is required for debts and trespasses. Temptation requires deliverance (Matthew 6:12-13). Jesus Christ was tempted in the same manner as we are, yet remained unblemished from the stains of sin (Hebrews 4:14-16). That is how He can sympathize with our weaknesses and failures. He was tested and shown to be faithful.

        Temptation can originate from one of three sources: Satan (Ephesians 6:11; 1 Peter 5:8), our surroundings (1 John 2:15), and our own flesh (Romans 7:18). Man has an inherent desire to entertain sinful ideas. While Satan is the ultimate source of all evil, our sinful nature works alongside him to ensnare our souls. The process of spiritual temptation begins with desire, blossoms into temptation which leads to sin, and can then lead up to spiritual death (James 1:14-15). 

         Temptation itself is not sin. After all, even Christ experienced it (Matthew 4:1-11).We know that He lived a sinless live. Temptation becomes sin when we choose to act in accordance to our sinful desires. It makes no difference whether they take place in our minds where such desires are not made manifest to others. They are not hidden from God. Christ was tempted externally, but not internally inclined to act sinfully. He does not have a sin nature.

        Worldly thoughts would include characteristics such as pride, lust, greed, and covetousness. They stem forth from our hearts and defile us (Matthew 15:11). We need to flee from temptation. That is the best thing we can do in such contexts. Temptation revolves around sin. Evil thoughts are sin. Temptation makes us want to act contrary to the commandments of God. What both sin and temptation have in common is that they can ruin our souls.

        What we need to do is replace the works of the flesh with the works of the Spirit. Despite the fact that overcoming temptation can refine our character, we need to do our best to avoid situations that will place us into a state of temptation (Romans 13:13-14). We need to distract ourselves from the sources of temptation by focusing on the promises of God. Only through Him can we have true and lasting joy, hope, peace, and fulfillment.

A Discussion On The Human Soul

• Introduction:

          -The concept of the soul has long captivated humanity, serving as the "life-principle" that formulates our understanding of existence. Often referred to as the immaterial essence that animates the physical body, the soul represents the source of all consciousness and self-awareness. This non-physical entity dictates our thoughts, aspirations, and actions — essentially shaping our character and individuality. It is within the intricate tapestry of the soul that the essence of our being is woven: our hopes, dreams, fears, and desires are manifestations of this profound, non-material core.
          -Distinguishing ourselves from the plant and animal kingdom, we recognize that the soul is what lends humanity its unique qualities: intellect, emotion, and will. These attributes not only allow for an enriched experience of life but also endow us with the capacity for critical reflection and moral judgment. The soul encapsulates the essence of our personalities, functioning as an independent entity that transcends the physical boundaries of our physical existence. It is our capacity to make choices on our own rather than reacting on the basis of stimuli. It is these factors which distinguish man from the plant and animal kingdom. They cannot be said to have a soul in the sense that we do.

• On The Origin And Nature Of The Soul:

          -The origin of the soul, as illustrated in religious texts and philosophical musings, holds that human souls are imparted directly by a divine entity, echoing the biblical narrative from Genesis 2:8 where God breathes life into humanity. This act of divine infusion not only bestows existence but crafts our spiritual identity — our very essence. While our physical bodies are composed of earthly elements—molecules and atoms derived from the natural world—our souls arise from divine craftsmanship, thus creating a duality: a physical vessel intertwined with an eternal spirit.
          -The soul's immaterial nature poses profound implications, particularly regarding scientific exploration. Traditional methods of inquiry — grounded in empirical observation and physical existence — are limited when faced with the enigmatic realm of the soul. The soul eludes scientific quantification; it exists beyond the methodologies of physical science, calling into question the very nature of reality and existence. In Hebrew thought, the term "pneuma" refers to this immaterial aspect of humanity, highlighting the intricacies of the soul as it navigates the balance between the tangible and the ethereal.
          -With its immaterial essence, the soul possesses qualities that assert its immortality. Contrary to the transient nature of physical forms, the soul is believed to transcend death, allowing for the potential continuation of consciousness beyond corporeal existence. This enduring nature evokes questions of purpose, morality, and the afterlife, with theological frameworks asserting that the soul is subject to divine trust and judgment. Luke 16:19-31 suggests an active engagement of souls beyond physical death, indicating that our journeys do not culminate with our last breath but rather evolve into an intricate interplay of spiritual continuance.

• On The Immateriality Of The Soul:

          -Central to understanding the immateriality of the soul is the human capacity for abstract thought. Unlike lower forms of consciousness, humans possess an extraordinary ability to think beyond the immediately visible world. The mind's ability to categorize and theorize illustrates that our reasoning capabilities extend into realms that cannot be tangibly touched or observed. This notion compels us to acknowledge that human cognition transcends physical constraints, fostering an affinity for philosophical inquiry, mathematical abstraction, and artistic creativity.
          -Fundamental to this discourse is the assertion of free will. Distinctive of human experience, our freedom to choose and be influenced showcases the responsiveness of our souls. Such volition denotes an agency rooted in the immaterial, as choices arise from deep introspection and emotional engagement. The process of intention — the act of deciding to take a particular course of action — offers testimony to the soul's vibrant and active presence, despite the absence of empirical validation. This unquantifiable essence underscores philosophical debates that have persisted for centuries, inviting exploration into the deeper meanings of existence, morality, and the universe's mysteries.

          -"...if life were nothing more than materials, then we'd be able to take all the materials of life-which are the same materials found in dirt-and make a living being. We cannot. There's clearly something beyond materials in life. What materialist can explain why one body is dead and another body is not dead? Both contain the same chemicals. Why is a body alive one minute and dead the next?" (Norman L. Geisler and Frank Turek, I Don’t Have Enough Faith to be an Atheist, p. 129)

Moral Considerations On Abortion

• Introduction:

          -From a Judeo-Christian perspective, the fact that cultural liberals are obsessed with depicting abortion as being a woman's right and personal healthcare choice is wicked. It has been defended by such people with religious vigor, an idolatrous degree of emphasis. The underlying reasoning for opposition to abortion by Christians is that human beings are made in the image and likeness of God. It is unthinkable to destroy an entity conveying His glory.

          -The existence of controversy over whether a woman can choose to give birth to children in her womb shows that our society does not esteem human life as it should. It is a rather distorted aspect of our culture, reflecting a radical view of the importance of one's perceived personal fulfillment. It is immoral to rob babies of a chance to reach their full potential in life.

          -The abortion movement is one of the offshoots of the feminist movement, which sought to obtain equal rights for women. Hence, this is the reason that "pro-choice" advocates proclaim that they want equal rights with men. This movement had valid concerns as to the ability of women to function in society without being denigrated, but has gone too far in focusing on the individual to the point at which he defines his own reality.

• Refuting The "My Body, My Choice" Slogan:

          -The life developing inside a womb has a different body. The fetus has a life of its own. To illustrate this point: epiphytic mushrooms extract nutrients from the trees that they grow on, yet are still distinct living organisms. Therefore, the decision is not up to the woman to terminate that life. 

          -There are situations in which we prevent people from making decisions with their own bodies, such as suicide and substance abuse. We know these things to be wrong.

          -If a baby does not have the "right" to use a woman's body for a period of nine months (it is attached to her through an umbilical cord), then why should an infant be allowed to nurse on his mother, since he also depends on her for survival? Using this line of reasoning, why not perform a surgical procedure to end the lives of infants at the whim of parents or the elderly?

• Arguing That Human Life Begins At The Moment Of Conception:

          -When can a fetus correctly be recognized as human life, three hours before birth? When exactly does a fetus transform into a baby? If a fetus is not a baby, then what is it? If the answer is a "glob of cells," then how come it cannot be formally recognized as a "human," since we are also a "glob of cells?"
          -The claim that an embryo or cell in another stage of development in the womb is not a human is scientifically inaccurate. It has DNA, 46 chromosomes, a unique blood type, brain waves, and a set of organs. It has a human nature, as evidenced by the myriad of photos of aborted babies. 

          -The only difference between us who are fully grown and beings found in a woman's womb is the stage of development. However, that does not determine "how human" one is. The value of human life is not dependent on how well a human body is formed. Otherwise, people with deformities cannot be considered truly human.

• Do Cases Of Rape And Incest Provide Justification For Abortion?:

          -Women who were raped by selfish men may feel violated and thus not want to possess children (or material items) that bring back terrible memories of such occasions. Neither would families want a product of incest to be born into this world because of the possibility of various genetic health conditions or abnormal bodily features on the baby. However, none of this amounts to a valid rationalization of the abortion procedure because the scenarios presented still involve the murder of an innocent human being.
          -Despite the fact that perpetrators of such crimes should be penalized to the maximum extent of the law, that still does not mean that we should murder other people because we have been victimized. It is equally wrong to take somebody else's life because he not wanted by others. Children should be loved, regardless of how they were conceived. The conclusions to these kinds of arguments have been constructed entirely on self-serving logical premises.

          -These pro-abortion arguments could actually be used to demean women. The implication of them is that they are weak and unable to deal with negative circumstances in life. We must set aside emotional barriers in order to make rational decisions, based on the proper application of moral principles.

• Is Abortion Justified When A Mother's Life Is In Danger?:

          -In cases when the lives of mothers are in danger, every effort ought to be made to preserve both the lives of the mother and unborn child. This premise is grounded in the philosophy that all human life has value. Necessary treatments should be provided by doctors to ensure that mothers survive, even if they prove injurious to the fetus. The intention in that case is not the terminate the life of an unborn baby (as is the case with an abortion), but to save the life of the woman carrying it.

A Refutation Of Christian Mortalism (Soul Sleep)

• Introduction:

          -Soul sleep is the belief that after a person dies, his soul "sleeps" until the resurrection and final judgment. According to this theology, the souls of people who are in this condition are unaware or unconscious of the things taking place around them. As a side note, two positions on the nature of the soul would be the dichotomous (i.e. the elements of a man are body and soul) and trichotomous (i.e. the elements of a man are body, soul, and spirit) view. 

          -In the Bible, the word "sleep" is used in relation to the word "death," for a corpse indeed appears to our eyes to be sound asleep. A person's body is "sleeping" while his soul is in the location of his eternal destiny. Man is a unity, but that does not mean the elements of his being cannot be separated. The material and immaterial aspects of man are what make him who he is in his entirety.
          -We face judgment with God the moment we die (Hebrews 9:27). Hence, our fate is eternally sealed at them moment of physical death. While some people enter into the presence of God in the heaven, those who were unfaithful to Him in this life will end up in a state of eternal condemnation by God in hell (2 Thessalonians 1:8-10). References to the "soul" do not always refer to the immaterial aspects of man (Psalm 42:5; 43:5).
          -There is a temporary heaven and hell that exists until the final resurrection (2 Corinthians 12:4; Revelation 1:18; 20:13-14). In the resurrection, each person's "sleeping" body will be "awakened." The righteous will receive perfected, permanent bodies that will be possessed for all eternity. People who are accepted into heaven after judgment will be allowed into the new heavens and earth (Revelation 21:1-5). Those in Hades will be thrown into the lake of sulfur and fire (Revelation 20:11-15).

• For Paul, To Be Absent From The Body Is To Be Present With The Lord (2 Corinthians 5:6-8):

           -Paul’s desire should not be strictly interpreted within the context of the resurrection alone, but rather as an indication of an immediate post-death experience with Christ. While Paul emphasizes the resurrection, his groaning to be clothed rather than found naked does not reject an intermediate conscious state. It simply highlights his hope for the final, glorified state. This does not negate a post-death consciousness, but rather expresses a preference for complete, glorified existence. Therefore, Paul's teaching in this passage supports the concept of an intermediate conscious state. It emphasizes the ultimate hope of bodily resurrection.

• For Paul, It Is Better To Depart From This World To Be With Christ (Philippians 1:23):

          -Philippians 1:21-24 provides critical insights that counter the soul sleep theory. In verse 21, Paul states, "For to me, to live is Christ, and to die is gain," implying the gain of immediate presence with Christ post-mortem. Verse 23 furthers this, where Paul expresses his desire to "depart and be with Christ," indicating an active and conscious existence with Christ immediately upon death. The Greek word "analuo" (depart) often denotes a swift transition, underscoring that there’s no intermediate state of unconsciousness. This passage suggests a continuous, conscious fellowship with Christ, refuting the soul sleep notion that posits a dormant soul awaiting resurrection.

• The parable of the rich man and Lazarus clearly reveals to us that souls will not cease to be conscious in the afterlife (Luke 16:19-31):

          -The references to the "finger" and "tongue" of the rich man in this passage are obviously figurative, since the mentioned individuals are disembodied spirits. The punishment for the rich man and bliss of Lazarus are still very much real. Much concerning the spiritual realm remains a mystery to we who are alive on this earth.

• Physically dead tribulation martyrs were fully conscious in heaven (Revelation 6:9-11; 7:9-17):

          -While Revelation contains symbolic elements, not every passage must be interpreted symbolically. The souls under the altar signify awareness after death, reflecting divine justice for martyrs. Symbolic language in scripture often conveys literal truths; the imagery underscores the continued existence and consciousness of martyrs. Thus, dismissing this passage as merely symbolic limits its rich, layered meanings and theological implications.

• Moses and Elijah were spiritually conscious during the Transfiguration of Jesus (Matthew 17:1-9):

          -Elijah was bodily assumed into heaven by God, but the presence of Moses poses a problem for soul sleep. He died thousands of years before Christ, yet is here found to be speaking with Christ.

• Paul was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words (2 Corinthians 12:2-4):

          -The Apostle Paul did not think leaving the body meant a loss of consciousness. We are given no commentary as to how this out of body experience was. It may possibly be a reference to Paul's conversion on a journey to Damascus. Nevertheless, 2 Corinthians 12:2-4 is problematic for soul sleep proponents because it shows us that a separation of body and soul does not denote a loss of consciousness. He remained aware of his surroundings despite being separated from the body. Paul’s uncertainty about being “in the body or out of the body” can be seen as an acknowledgment of an experience that transcends mere physical presence. This ambiguity itself could be taken as evidence of a conscious existence independent of the physical form.

• Biblical prohibitions against necromancy pose a problem for soul sleep (Leviticus 19:26; Deuteronomy 18:1-12; Isaiah 8:19-20):

          -Why even try contacting dead people, if their souls are not consciously existing? Biblical prohibitions against contacting deceased persons presuppose conscious life after death. These prohibitions would hardly be meaningful or necessary in a soul sleep framework.

"Lord of The Flies" Theme Reflection

          In the novel titled "Lord of The Flies," which was authored by William Golding, a choir of boys ended up sequestered on an island due to a plane crash. The setting of this narrative took place during World War Two. A group of British choir boys were unable to reach their originally planned destination because of a forced plane landing. As a result, they needed to learn how to properly fend for themselves. The group of boys needed to function as a whole in order to survive. There was no source of bodily nourishment being provided by responsible adults, who worked to maintain the health of an economy. The book "Lord of The Flies" attests to the depths of human depravity. The formation of societal values and any degree of success is entirely dependent on the compromise of individuals who work together for the sake of the common good.

          Choir boys from England were separated from the world on a small island by the ocean because of a plane crash. Therefore, they needed to learn how to establish on their own a civilized, well-organized assemblage in order increase the probability of prolonged survival and getting rescued. However, the boys failed to grasp the severity of their situation. For example, most of them became so preoccupied with hunting wild boars that they repeatedly failed to provide fuel for the rescue fire, which caused them to miss an opportunity to get rescued by a war ship that passed by the island. Most of the children viewed life on the island as solely an opportunity for gruesome entertainment. Their reasoning was based on the fact that no adult figures were present to govern their decisions each day. Most members of the British choir instantly developed the false notion that they could do whatever their hearts desired. Consequently, no formal structure of societal function was formed. There was no submission to authority. There was no standard of certainty, consensus, or organization. The meaning of obedience was completely forgotten. The distinction between good and evil became blurred because of the continual reluctance to submit to authority. This is what happens when individuals fail to recognize the weight of accountability they bear when making moral and rational choices independently.

        As the weeks turned into months, the moral character of the boys deteriorated. They acted purely animalistic in nature. Ralph, who was originally designated as the leader appointed by the crowd, possessed a conch, which was representative of authority. However, most either willfully ignored the call of his conch or took his words of reason as a joke. In other words, they ignored the voice of their conscience by rebelling against rightly ordained authority. They eventually became so rebellious that they wrongly revoked his position by replacing him with another main character named Jack, who was cruel, savage, and immoral. He directly influenced the crowd of boys to create a tribe that functioned apart from Ralph's legitimately bestowed position. Further, they painted their own faces as a means of covering who they really were. Jack was appointed because he suited the desires of the people to partake in their own wicked desires. Each wanted to go his own way. No one cared anymore about appearing visibly in the sight of civilization again. We ought to recognize that morals decline as people refuse to submit to rightful authorities and fail to recognize the needs of others. What all the boys in the novel needed was to get rescued. They needed to return back to their regular life patterns at home and look to taking on a career. However, this could only be made possible, if the boys decided to focus on the welfare of each other.

        What happened to the boys on the unknown island was that they never dedicated time to any form of self-reflection. They were completely unwary of the progression of their moral depravity. Most members of the choir became so perverse that they ended up killing a female sow that was nursing piglets. Only moments after the kill, one of the boys portrayed the stabbing of the female pig's rear as being a sexual reference. Not only is the murder of a nursing mother considered as an incomprehensibly evil action to sane people, but it is also beyond the minds of the civilized to liken a female animal to a woman. On the night of the same day there was a thunderstorm, there was a wicked feast being held in praise of the successful hunting. Simon peered through the bushes of the jungle at the tribal chanting and had an illusion of the maggot infested boar head talking to him. It told him to relinquish to the brutal ways of the tribe, but he refused to succumb to the evil enticements. The decomposing boar head clearly resembles the work of Satan at hand in the hearts of man. The other main characters Simon and Piggy were murdered for not conforming to the corrupt values of the island tribe. Members affiliated with the tribe later kidnapped the twins Sam and Eric so that Ralph would have no means of support. They attempted to murder him the next day by lighting the island on fire. The poor formation of a societal structure opened the door of the careless, selfish, and abominable side of each boy, which none of us are immune from. The shattering of the conch symbolized the destruction of authority. We tend to act in the same manner as that of a spoiled child, who knows nothing of disciplinary action.

        The novel titled "Lord of The Flies" gives thinking readers valuable insight into the ramifications of failing to form a society with morally sound values. The theme of this fictional work strives to give us the impression that we need to work for the common good in order for society to continually survive, for a house divided against itself cannot stand. In order for a society to thrive well, we need to submit to lawful members of authority. The choir boys on the island never bothered to listen to the handful who tried to form an organized society because of their selfishness and ignorance. They wanted to have things their own way, without any awareness as to what followed from their actions. Just as the choir boys began their quest for survival on the island in a disorganized manner, they ended up getting rescued in a worse state. The island was ablaze because of the tribal attempt to hunt down Ralph. The boys were all filthy from covering up their faces, and were running to the shore in a savage manner when adults finally arrived on the island to save them. They were caught in the middle of their murderous scheme, as savages who had never been exposed to the light of civilization. It would be better for us to continually heed to the voice of reason, lest we end up in a state of hopeless anarchy as the British choir boys on the island did and perish.